Grievance: Trade Union and Workers

sexual conquest in Industry There argon numerous factors in labor, which buzz off a scoreer unhappy and dejected. May be his fellow workers ar non-co- operating(prenominal) or his fore musical compositions sarcastic or harsh remarks on his own someoneized problems outside the factory or domestic matters. Poverty, beneathnourishment, debts, pink-slipped dependent, etc. whitethorn be working adversely in his brain. He look around and finds e genuinely(prenominal)body being unkind to him. He is aggrieved and wants to ventilate his feelings and reactions. A well- defined injustice agency is an to the highest degree-valuable element of a operose industrial dealing machinery.Prompt and impelling disposal of workers grievance is the key to industrial relaxation. The grievance turns set up by agreement with a aggregate succeeds a medium for the workers to transmit his grievance to precaution in an dapper panache and work the answer in writing Meaning and character of Employee mark According to Michael J. Jucius, the term grievance bureau any discontentedness or dissatisfaction, whether expressed or non and whether valid or non arising out of anything connected with the company that an employee thinks, desires or even feels, is unfair, unjust, or inequitable. The comment is very broad and covers any kinds of dissatisfaction, which an employee has while doing his job. A grievance marrow any discontentment or dissatisfaction arising out of anything related to the enterprise where he is working. It whitethorn non be expressed and even whitethorn not be valid. It arises when an employee feels that something has happened or is going to happen which is unfair, unjust or inequitable. Keith Davis has defined grievance as any real or imagined feeling of personal injustice which an employee has concerning his concern similitudeship. A grievance represents a perspective in which an employee feels that something unfavorable to him has hap pened or is going to happen. In an industrial enterprise, grievance may arise be causality of several factors such as a. Violation of guidances responsibility such as poo working conditions, b. Violation of companys rules and practices. c. Violation of incorporated dicker agreement, d. Violation of grind laws, e. Violation of rude(a) rules of justice such as unfair treatment in promotion. The subjective of a grievance in an organization argon as under i.The discontentment arises out of something connected with the organization The sources of grievance lie in spite of appearance the company such as unfair treatment by the supervisor, entrancement of company rules, etc. do not fashion a grievance. much(prenominal) outside sources atomic number 18 beyond the control of the employer. ii. A grievance may be expressed or implied It is comparatively easier to identify express grievances. They atomic number 18 manifested in several looks, e. g. gossiping, active criticism, arg umentation, increased task turnover, c arlessness in the use of tools, materials and suffering workmanship, etc.Grievance be also implied by in end to work, twenty-four hour period dreaming, absenteeism, tardiness, etc. it is not wise to recognize notwith stand expressed grievances and omit the unexpressed ones. In fact, unexpressed or implied grievances be more heavy than the grievances which are started because it is not known when the implied grievance may explode. It requires a spirited baffle of skill for an executive to identify such grievances. iii. The discontent may be rational or irrational rational grievance is a genuine one, which must be shiftd by the focusing.On the another(prenominal)(a) hand, at that place are grievances which are emotional in nature and are establish on sen erants, distorted perception, lack of proper thinking, etc. these are completely irrational or psychological. It is difficult to handle such grievances. Sources of Grievance The c auses of grievances may be radicaled under three headings, to wit , i. Grievances resulting from Management Policies a. net profit rates or scale of pay. b. Overtime c. Leave d. Transfer- improper unified of the worker with the job e. Seniority, promotion, and discharges f. Lack of calling externalizening and employee development plan g. Lack of usage clarity. . Lack of regard for collective agreement. i. Hostility towards a elbow grease nitty-gritty j. Autocratic leadership style of supervisors. ii. Grievances resulting from working conditions a. wild b. Non-availability of proper tools, machines and equipment for doing he job. c. Tight product standards. d. Bad physical conditions of workplace. e. low coitionship with the supervisor. f. Negative draw close to orbit. iii. Grievances resulting from Personal Factors a. Narrow attitude b. Over- competition c. Egoistic personality. Handling of Grievance Grievances are symptoms of conflicts in enterprise.So they should b e handled very triply and efficiently. Copying with grievances anatomys an classic part of four-in-hands job. The manner in which he tummys with grievances determines his efficiency in transaction with the subordinates. A manager is achieverful if he is able to build a team of cheerful workers by removing their grievances. While dealing with grievances of subordinates, it is necessary to keep in see the get marrieding points i. A grievance may or may not e real. ii. Grievances may arise out of not one cause, scarce multifarious causes. iii. every(prenominal)(prenominal) individual does not gives tone to his grievances.For the purpose of discourse grievances efficiently, it is necessary to find and analyses the grievance of the subordinates. If a grievance is found to be genuine or real, the strict action should be unsayn immediately. scarcely if the grievance arises receivable to imagination or disturbed frame of mind of the worker, then it is necessary to explain and clear up the matter. Before dealing with the grievances, their causes must be diagnosed. But when the grievance are not expression by the subordinates, it is managers job to detect the possible grievances and their causes.He may realize the cosmea of grievances because of high labour turnover, high rates of absenteeism and poor quality of work. These problems give go on multiplying if the causes of grievance are not cured. While dealing with grievances, a manager pottynot depend upon any readymade rootages. Every crusade has to be dealt with on its merits. The adjacent guidelines may be followed to deal effectively with the grievances i. The complainant should be apt(p) a patient hearing. He should be totallyowed to express himself completely. ii. The oversight must show its anxiety to remove the grievances of the workers. iii.If the grievances are real and their causes are known, attempts should be made to remove the causes. iv. If the grievances are imaginary or unfo unded, attempts should be made to counsel the workers. Grievance agency A grievance is the embryo of more serious trouble to come along because accumulation of minor grievance may lead to major explosions. Therefore, prompt and effective handling of grievance is the key to industrial peace. This calls for systematic procedure of handling grievance for the just and speedy disposal of grievances. There are 2 types of grievance procedures for redressing the grievance of the employees.These includes i. Open Door Policy infra the procedure, the employees are free to meet the top executive of the organization and get their grievances redressed. Such a policy may work well in the small organizations, scarce in big organizations this may not be practicable because the top executive will be too prompt in other matters. Another disadvantage of clean-door policy is that lower take executives feel bypassed. This may complicate the human dealing problems. Moreover, top counseling is no t too familiar with the working conditions of the operative employees.It may be difficult for it to attend to employee grievances because of lack of capable in formulaation. Lastly, it is also said that the open door policy is suitable for executives to walk by means of and not the operative employees. The employees may even hesitate to go to top executives with their grievances. Because of these difficulties, stepladder procedure may be adopted ii. Step- ladder Procedure Under this procedure, the aggrieved employee has to go bad step b step in acquire his grievance comprehend and redressed. Firstly, he has to present his grievance in writing to his supervisor or foreman.If he is not satisfied with his decision, he may go to the head of the department. There may by a go grievance perpetration aft(prenominal) the decision of the head of the department is not acceptable to the employee. If the delegation also fails to redress his grievance, the matter may be referred to the c hief executive. The grievance procedure will be said to be exhausted if the chief executive is also not able to redress the grievance. The workers should not take any action against the centering until the whole grievance procedure has been exhausted. file of written Grievance Grievance Voluntary arbitrament Chief ExecutiveJoint Grievance Committee Head of department Supervisor or Foreman S E T T L E M E N T The grievance assumes the form of a conflict after the workers is not satisfied with the decision of the chief executive. For maintaining industrial peace in the plant, it is advisable to refer such grievance to the unpaid worker arbitrement. The award of the arbitration should be binding on both(prenominal)(prenominal) the parties. Grievance Procedure in Indian Industry In India, resolving power of settlement of grievance did not receive adequate attention in the legislative framework savings bank the enactment of industrial Employment (standing orders) Act, 1946, and the Factories Act, 1948.The industrial Employment Act provides that every foundation employing 100 or more workers should frame stand orders which should contain, among other matters, provision for means of redressed for workmen against unfair treatment or wrongful actions by the employer or his agents or servants. Similarly, section 49 of the Factories Act provides for the formment of welfare Officers in every factory wherein 500 or more workers are ordinarily employed. These officers are principally entrusted with the task of dealing with complaints and grievances of the workers or employees.The fifteenth session of the Indian cut into group (July 1957) took up the matter of establishing a grievance procedure acceptable to both the direction and workers coupler in an industrial unit and a sub-committee was formed for the purpose. The 16th session of the Indian Labour Conference (1958) approved the principles of industrial hold evolved by the committee. A Model Grievance Pro cedures which is a part of legislation of subject area was draw up. The model grievance procedure envisages the creation of a grievance machinery to give out the procedure.According to it workers representatives are to be elected for a department or their union is to nominate them. Otherwise workers representatives on the workers committee are to be interpreted as their representatives. The concern has to specify the persons in each department who are to process the grievance at the second step. These representatives of workers and management are to constitute the joint, bipartite grievance committee. It should be noted that the whole procedure is time bound. Industrial RelationsTraditionally, the term industrial transaction is used to cover such aspects of industrial life as collective talk terms, workers participation in management, assure and grievance handling, industrial departures, and interpretation of rules, labour laws, etc. thus, industrial dealings are often se en as constraints which limit the ability of the organization instead are often seen as constraints which limit the ability of the organization quite than an opportunity to develop collaborative problem solving descent.The industrial relation (IR) function in majority of the organizations suffers from lack of planning, absence of human transaction policies and predominance of short-term perspective in resolving labour-management problems. The continuous flush it of industrial dealings function has resulted in problems like poor work-culture, indiscipline, flouting of authority, coercion and blackmailing by unions, rise of restrictive practices, lack of interchangeable trust, frustration of workers, monomania of workers, etc. The concept of Industrial RelationsThe term Industrial Relation refers to all types of transactionhips mingled with all the parties concerned with industry. The parties related to industry are the workers and the management representing the owners. T hus, industrial dealing connote a vast complex of transactionhips obtaining surrounded by management and employees, union and management, union and employees and between employees themselves. Both parties to industrial relation beat a common interest in industry, but many a time, they are found to be pulling n difference directions which lead to industrial zymolysis. Therefore, it has become necessary to secure the cooperation of both workers and management to achieve inviolable industrial relations. Besides management and workers, State is some other party associated with industrial relations. The interference of government in industrial relations through legal and administrative measure is quite common. Thus, the area of industrial relations has been extended to relations among the farming, employer and employees.According to Encyclopedia Britannica, The subject of industrial relations includes individual relations and joint consultations between employers and workers at t he place of work, collective relations between employers and their organizations and trade unions and part played by the state in regulating these relations. According to Dale Yoder The term industrial relations refers to the relationship between management and employees or among employees and their organization that arise out of employment. In modern usage, the phrase industrial relations includes the whole gamut of matters that arise due to the continuing relationship between the employers and the workers. Its scope includes three rarely manifest areas 1. Relations between mangers and individual workers 2. The collective relations between employers and labour (trade) union and 3. The role of government in the regulation of these relationships. These three well-nigh associated areas are often referred to respectively as personnel management, collective bargaining and labour legislation. Parties to Industrial RelationsS inculpate stated, industrial relations are the outcome of th e employment relationships in industry. The government of a nation influences these relations to a heavy(p) extent. Thus, thither are three major variables in industrial relations i. Workers and their Organizations the personal characteristics of workers, their culture, educational attainments, qualifications, skills, attitude towards worker, etc. play an cardinal role in industrial relations. Workers organizations, known as trade unions, are political institutions. Trade unions are formed for safeguarding the economic and social interests of the workers.They put stuff on the management for the achievement of these objectives. ii. Employers and their organizations The employers are a very important variable in industrial relations. They provide employment to workers and try to fix their bearing for getting high productivity from them. Industrial unrest generally arises when the employers demand from the workers is very high and they offer low economic and other benefits. In or der to increase their bargaining power, employers in several industries have organized employers associations.These associations put pressure on the trade unions and the government. They also participated in tripartite bodies constituted by the government to regulate industrial relations. iii. giving medication the government exerts an important influence on industrial relations through such measures as providing employment, intervening in working relationships and regulating wages, bounty and working conditions through various laws relating to labour. The government keeps an eye on both the trades unions and employers organizations to regulate their activities in the interest of the nation. Objectives of Industrial RelationsThe primary objective of industrial relation is to maintain good and healthy relations between the workers and the management in the enterprise. Al other objectives revolve around this primary objectives. more or less of the important objectives are listed b elow i. To promote healthy labour-management relations. ii. To promote the interests of employees as well as management by securing the highest level of mutual misgiving and goodwill among them. iii. To raise productivity to a high level which is the consume of the day and to ease upd to the economic development of the country. v. To check industrial conflicts and minimize the particular of strikers, lockouts and gheraos. v. To minimize labour turnover and absenteeism by providing job satisfaction to the workers. vi. To comfort and develop industrial democracy based on workers partnership in management of industry. vii. To establish government control over industries to regulate production and industrial relations. Signifi commodece of Good Industrial Relations or Industrial Peace Good industrial relations refer to harmonious relations between the labour union and the management in an organization.In other words, in such a office, on that point is absence of industrial disse nsions between the two parties and presence of understanding and cooperation between them. Thus, industrial relations in an composition must be harmonious or cordial. Such relations can lead to the following benefits 1. Industrial peace Cordial industrial relations bring harmony and remove causes of disputes. This leads to industrial peace which is an ideal situation for an industrial unit to concentrate on productivity and growth. 2. Higher productivity Due to cordial industrial relations, workers take interest in their jobs and work efficiently. his leads to higher productivity and production of the enterprise where they are working. Thus, they will contribute to the economic growth of the nation. 3. Industrial Democracy Sound industrial relations are based on consultation between the workers and the management. This assists in the establishment of industrial democracy in the organization which motivates employees to contribute their best to the success of the organization. 4. i ncarnate Bargaining Good industrial relations are highly helpful for entring into long-term agreements as regard various issues between labour and management.Effective collective bargaining and association of employees in decision- making process will bring astir(predicate) cooperation between labour and management. 5. Fair Benefits to workers The workers should get sufficient economic and non- economic benefits to lead a happy life. It is possible when the relations between workers and management are cordial and the productivity is high. The employers can return higher benefits to the workers. 6. High Morale Good industrial relations imply the existence of an atmosphere of mutual cooperation, confidence, and respect within the enterprise.In such an atmosphere, there are common goals, which motivate all memebers of the organization to contribute their best. Consequently, there is higher productivity, higher income and increased, job satisfaction all resulting in higher morale of the workforce. 7. Facilitation of change Sound industrial relations, by creating a humor of co-operative and confidence make the process of change easy. Hence, full advantage of destruction inventions, innovations and other technological advancement can be obtained.The workforce intimately adjusts itself to required changes for betterment. Industrial Unrest Industrial peace in a country is an important pre- condition for its industrial development. Industrial peace implies the existence of harmonious relationship between the management and the workers. When the relationship between the management and the workers is not cordial, industrial atmosphere is not peaceful. Such a situation is known as industrial unrest. In other words, industrial unrest refers to discontent and conflict between employers and employees.It takes the shape of strikes, lock-outs, demonstrations, etc. The relations between the employers and the employees are frequently clouded by a sense of exploitation, d iscredit and discontent. They give rise to industrial conflicts or disputes. Perhaps an industrial dispute is the most acute problem in industrial organization because it endangers peace in the industry. Some of the symptoms of industrial unrest are high labour turnover, disciplinary problems, absenteeism and tardiness, critical personal rating, low morale, restriction of output, etc. t is important to note that strikes and lock-outs have come to stay almost permanently in the industrial set-up of many countries. Maintenance of harmonious human relations in an organization depends upon the promotion and maintenance of discipline. No organization can proper without discipline. matter has been a matter of utmost concern for all organizations. There are some people who believe that maintenance of discipline is the concern of only higher echelons of an organization. But in actual practice, discipline is concerned with employees at all levels.Broadly speaking, discipline means full-str ength behavior of individuals towards the desired goals of the group. The word discipline owes its origin to religion, but it was in the array that it helped achieve spectacular results. When big battles were won not by the numerically superior army, but by the one that had better disciplined soldiers who had a very high morale, a more intense motivation to win, and had the benefits of effective leadership, popular imagination marveled at such achievements. Discipline, thus, came to be equated with the army.But now it is widely used in schools, colleges, industries and other institutions. The concept of Industrial Discipline Discipline in industry may be described as will cooperation and observation of the rules and regulations of the organization. It means securing consistent behaviour in accordance with the real norms of behaviour. Discipline is immanent to a democratic way of life. Simply stated, discipline means orderliness. It implies the absence of chaos, irregularity and confusion in the behaviour of workers. In other words, disciplined workers cooperate andbehave in a normal and orderly way.Discipline may be defined as a force that prompts individuals or groups to observe the rules, regulation and procedures which are deemed to be necessary for the effective function of an organization. According to Ordway Tead, Discipline is the orderly conduct of affairs by the members of an organization, who adhere harmoniously in forwarding towards the end which the group has in view, and volitionally recognize that. Discipline is said to be good when employees willingly follow companys rules and it is said to be bad when employees follow rules unwillingly or actually dis obey them.According to some people, discipline is a collateral concept in as much as that the absence of indiscipline does not imply a state of discipline. Too often, discipline has been point towards punishment for the past misdeeds. Many managers and supervisors see discipline primaril y as a mean to enforce external demands for responsible behaviour. Instead they anticipate orderly behaviour to depend primarily on fear of penalties. Thus, they cultivate discipline as a punishment. But this is a negative attempt which should be abandoned by the managers and supervisors in order to secure good human relation in industry.Manager should adopt a positive start out to deal with indiscipline in the organization. Attempts should be made to educate the workers the jimmy of discipline. The workers should be taught self-discipline because it is the highest form of discipline in any group activity. Management should give more emphasis in educating the workers in order to change their attitude towards their work and work-place. Disciplinary action should be taken only in exceptional circumstances where no other preference is left. It must be based on the consideration of just cause and due process of law.Aspects of Discipline There are two aspects of discipline, viz. , p ositive and negative aspects which are discussed below 1. Positive Aspect Employees believe in and support discipline and adhere to the rules, regulations and desired standards of behaviour. Discipline takes the form of positive support and reinforcement for approved actions and its aim is to help the individual in moulding his behaviour and developing him in a corrective and supportive manner. This type of approach is called positive approach or formative discipline or self- discipline.Positive discipline take place whenever the organizational climates is label by aspects such as payment of adequate remuneration and incentives, appropriates avenues for career advancement, appreciation of proper capital punishment, reinforcement of approved personnel behaviour or actions, etc. , which all motivate employees to adhere to organization rules and regulations or class period self- control. 2. Negative Aspect Employees sometimes do not believe in discipline. As such, they do not adher e to rules, regulations and desired standards of behaviour.As such, disciplinary programmed forces and constraints the employees to obey orders and function in accordance with set rules and regulations through warnings, penalties and other forms of punishment. This approach to discipline is called negative approach or collective approach or punitive approach. This approach is autocratic in nature as the subordinates are given no role in formulating the rules and they are not told why they are punished. Negative or enforced discipline connotes that personnel are forced to observe rules and regulations on account of fear of reprimand, fine demotion, or transfer.But these are helpful in extracting Just minimum standard of performance from the employees since they work on account of the fear they have got. In fact, punishment, penalties, demotions and transfers provide or establish a climate which demotivates the employees. Hence, such climate is not helpful for the accomplishment of gr oup goals and for enhancing the morale of employees. Importance of Discipline in Industry Discipline is the very essence of life. Absence of discipline means chaos and disorder. An industrial enterprise is an organic whole in which a variety of forces act in unison towards the attainment of its ultimate aims.Obviously, polish and effective functioning demands a high degree of co-ordination among the various elements which form integral parts of an organization. In an industry, big or small, manpower is the most important factor. Manpower can be used effectively only if there is discipline in the industry. Discipline should not be brought about by fear or punitive actions, it should be brought voluntarity. A man may work in the required manner under compulsion, but he may constantly be in conflict with his inhering impulse and thus be under a continues strain which he cant be considered conductive to good social relations in the work-group.What is really required is to take steps to promotion mutual confidence between the employees and the employers and highlight the identity of their interest, which are so essential to bring about the necessary discipline. Maintenance of discipline is a necessity for the attainment of maximum productivity, not only of the workers but also of the correct nation. It is only because of this that the underlying philosophy of discipline is conceived as inherent in the whole field of industrial relations.Viewed against this background, self-discipline is the highest form of discipline and management efforts should be directed to encourage this. True discipline is education because it changes the very attitude of the workers towards their work and work-place. It must, therefore, be realized that discipline is to developed from within. It has to be reformative and not punitive. stay and Settlement Machinery of Industrial Disputes Lasting industrial peace requires that the causes of industrial disputes should be eliminated. In oth er words, hobble steps should be taken so that industrial disputes do not occur.But if disallowive machinery fails, then the industrial disputes settlement machinery should be activated by the judicature because non- settlement of disputes will prove to be very costly to the workers, management and the society as a whole. MACHINERY FOR HANDLING INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Labour butterfly of law Industrial Tribunals National Tribunals Conciliation bill Conciliation Officers Voluntary Arbitration Conciliation Court of Enquiray Adjudication Workers Participation in management Standing Orders multilateral Bodies Collective Bargaining computer code of disciplineGrievance Procedure Settlement Machinery Preventive Machinery Preventive Machinery The preventive machinery has been set up with a view to creating harmonious relations between labours and management so that disputes do not arise. It comprise of the following measures 1. Workers participation in management It is a order whereby the workers are allowed to be consulted and to have a saying the management of the unit. The important schemes of workers participation are works committees, joint management council (JMC), shop council and joint council.These have been discussed later in this book. 2. Collective Bargaining According to Dale Yoder, Collective Bargaining is the term used to describe a situation in which essential conditions of employment determined by bargaining process undertaken by representatives of a group of workers on the one hand and of one or more employers on the other. Collective bargaining not only includes duologue, presidentship and enforcement of the written contracts between the employers and employees, but also includes the process of resolving labour- management conflicts.The role of collective bargaining fore solving the issues arising between the management and the workers at the plant or industry level has been widely recognized. Labour legislation and the machinery for its imp lementation prepare a framework according to which industrial establishment should operate. But whenever labours laws may lay down, it is the approach of employers and trade union leaders which matters. Unless both are enlightened, industrial harmony is not possible. Therefore, the solution to common problems can be found directly through negotiation between both parties and in this context, he scope of collective bargaining is very wide. 3. Tripartite Bodies Industrial relation in India have been make largely by principles and policies evolved though tripartite consultative machinery at industry and national levels. The aim of the consultative machinery is to bring the parties together for mutual settlement of difference in a spirit of cooperation and goodwill. 4. Code of discipline Code of discipline is a set of self-imposed mutually agreed voluntary principles of discipline and good relation between the management and the workers in industry.In India, code of discipline was appr oved by the 16th Indian Labour Conference held in 1958. It contain three sets of codes which have already been discussed later in the book. 5. Standing Orders The terms and condition of employment have been a organise of contention between labour and management since the advent of factory system. To prevent the emergence of industrial strive over the condition of employment, one important measure is the standing orders act, 1946, it was made obligatory that Standing Orders would govern the conditions of employment.The Standing Orders regulate the conditions of employment from the point of entry in the organization to the stage of exit from the organization. Thus they constitute the regulatory pattern for industrial relations. Since the standing orders provide Dos and Donts, they also act as a code of conduct for the employees during their working life within the organization. Industrial Disputes Settlement Machinery The machinery has been provided under the Industrial Disputes Act 1947. It, in fact, provides a legalistic way of setting the disputes.As said above, the goal of preventive machinery is to create an environment where the disputes do not arise at all. Even then if any differences arise, the discriminative machinery has been provided to settle them lest they should result into work stoppages. In this sense, the nature of this machinery is curative for it aims at curing the ailments. This machinery comprises following organs 1. Conciliation Conciliation is a method of resolving the industrial conflict with the help of the third party, who intervenes in the dispute situation upon a request by either or the both parties.It is a procedure in which the decision making functions remains the prerogatives of the parties to the disputes as in collective bargaining. The conciliators simply assists them in their negotiations and decision making, he resolves the blind alley and remove the bottlenecks Conciliation Officers The law provides for the appointment of placation officer by the Government to conciliate between the parties to the industrial disputes. The expiation Officer is given the power of a civil court, whereby he is authorized to call and visit the parties on oath.It should be remembered however, whereas civil court cannot go beyond construe the laws, the conciliation offer can go behind the facts and make thinker which will be binding upon the parties. Conciliation board In case conciliation Officer fails to resolve the differences between the parties, the government has the discretion to appoint a Board of Conciliation. The Board is tripartite and ad hoc body. It consists of a president and two or four other members. The chairman is to be an supreme person and other members are nominated in equal numbers pool by the parties to the dispute.Conciliation proceedings before a Board are mistakable to those that take place before the conciliation Officer the government has up to now another option of referring the di spute to the court of Inquiry instead of the Board of conciliation. 2. Court of Enquiry In case of the failure of the conciliation proceedings to settle a dispute, the government can appoint a court of Inquiry to enquire into any matter connected with or applicable to industrial disputes. This court is expected to submit its report within sixer months from the commencement of enquiry. This report is subsequently published by the government within 30 days of its receipt.Unlike during the period of conciliation, workers mightily to strike, employers right to lockout, and employers right to strike, employers right to lockout, and employers right to dismiss workmen,etc remain unaffected during the proceedings in a court of enquiry. 3. Voluntary Arbitration On failure of conciliation proceedings, the conciliation officer may proceedings the conciliation officer may express the parties to refer the dispute to a voluntary arbitrator. Voluntary arbitration refers to getting the disputes settled though an independent person chosen by the parties composite mutually and voluntarily.In other words, arbitrator jointly appointed by the parties which is normally wasted in case of adjudication. 4. Adjudication The ultimate remedy for the settlement of an industrial dispute is its reference to adjudication by labour court or tribunals when conciliation machinery fails to bring about a settlement. Adjudication consists of settling disputes through intervention by the third party appointed by the government. The law provides the adjudication to be conducted by the labour court, Industrial Tribunal and National Tribunal.